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+# Backend DevOps Practices
+
+CI/CD pipelines, containerization, deployment strategies, and monitoring (2025).
+
+## Deployment Strategies
+
+### Blue-Green Deployment
+
+**Concept:** Two identical environments (Blue = current, Green = new)
+
+```
+Production Traffic → Blue (v1.0)
+                     Green (v2.0) ← Deploy & Test
+
+Switch:
+Production Traffic → Green (v2.0)
+                     Blue (v1.0) ← Instant rollback available
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Zero downtime
+- Instant rollback
+- Full environment testing before switch
+
+**Cons:**
+- Requires double infrastructure
+- Database migrations complex
+
+### Canary Deployment
+
+**Concept:** Gradual rollout (1% → 5% → 25% → 100%)
+
+```bash
+# Kubernetes canary deployment
+kubectl set image deployment/api api=myapp:v2
+kubectl rollout pause deployment/api  # Pause at initial replicas
+
+# Monitor metrics, then continue
+kubectl rollout resume deployment/api
+```
+
+**Pros:**
+- Risk mitigation
+- Early issue detection
+- Real user feedback
+
+**Cons:**
+- Requires monitoring
+- Longer deployment time
+
+### Feature Flags (Progressive Delivery)
+
+**Impact:** 90% fewer deployment failures when combined with canary
+
+```typescript
+import { LaunchDarkly } from 'launchdarkly-node-server-sdk';
+
+const client = LaunchDarkly.init(process.env.LD_SDK_KEY);
+
+// Check feature flag
+const showNewCheckout = await client.variation('new-checkout', user, false);
+
+if (showNewCheckout) {
+  return newCheckoutFlow(req, res);
+} else {
+  return oldCheckoutFlow(req, res);
+}
+```
+
+**Use Cases:**
+- Gradual feature rollout
+- A/B testing
+- Kill switch for problematic features
+- Decouple deployment from release
+
+## Containerization with Docker
+
+### Multi-Stage Builds (Optimize Image Size)
+
+```dockerfile
+# Build stage
+FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY package*.json ./
+RUN npm ci --only=production
+COPY . .
+RUN npm run build
+
+# Production stage
+FROM node:20-alpine
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy only necessary files
+COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
+COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
+COPY package.json ./
+
+# Security: Run as non-root
+RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \
+    adduser -S nodejs -u 1001
+USER nodejs
+
+EXPOSE 3000
+CMD ["node", "dist/main.js"]
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Smaller image size (50-90% reduction)
+- Faster deployments
+- Reduced attack surface
+
+### Docker Compose (Local Development)
+
+```yaml
+version: '3.8'
+
+services:
+  api:
+    build: .
+    ports:
+      - "3000:3000"
+    environment:
+      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:password@db:5432/myapp
+      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
+    depends_on:
+      - db
+      - redis
+
+  db:
+    image: postgres:15-alpine
+    environment:
+      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
+      - POSTGRES_DB=myapp
+    volumes:
+      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
+
+  redis:
+    image: redis:7-alpine
+    ports:
+      - "6379:6379"
+
+volumes:
+  postgres-data:
+```
+
+## Kubernetes Orchestration
+
+### Deployment Manifest
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: api-deployment
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: api
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: api
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: api
+        image: myregistry/api:v1.0.0
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 3000
+        env:
+        - name: DATABASE_URL
+          valueFrom:
+            secretKeyRef:
+              name: db-secret
+              key: url
+        resources:
+          requests:
+            memory: "256Mi"
+            cpu: "250m"
+          limits:
+            memory: "512Mi"
+            cpu: "500m"
+        livenessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /health
+            port: 3000
+          initialDelaySeconds: 30
+          periodSeconds: 10
+        readinessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /ready
+            port: 3000
+          initialDelaySeconds: 5
+          periodSeconds: 5
+```
+
+### Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
+kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
+metadata:
+  name: api-hpa
+spec:
+  scaleTargetRef:
+    apiVersion: apps/v1
+    kind: Deployment
+    name: api-deployment
+  minReplicas: 3
+  maxReplicas: 10
+  metrics:
+  - type: Resource
+    resource:
+      name: cpu
+      target:
+        type: Utilization
+        averageUtilization: 70
+```
+
+## CI/CD Pipelines
+
+### GitHub Actions (Modern, Integrated)
+
+```yaml
+name: CI/CD Pipeline
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+          cache: 'npm'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Run linter
+        run: npm run lint
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: npm run test:ci
+
+      - name: Upload coverage
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+
+  security:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Run Snyk scan
+        uses: snyk/actions/node@master
+        env:
+          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Container scan
+        run: |
+          docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .
+          docker scan myapp:${{ github.sha }}
+
+  deploy:
+    needs: [test, security]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker image
+        run: |
+          echo ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} | docker login ghcr.io -u ${{ github.actor }} --password-stdin
+          docker build -t ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }} .
+          docker push ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
+
+      - name: Deploy to Kubernetes
+        run: |
+          kubectl set image deployment/api api=ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
+          kubectl rollout status deployment/api
+```
+
+## Monitoring & Observability
+
+### Three Pillars of Observability
+
+**1. Metrics (Prometheus + Grafana)**
+
+```typescript
+import { Counter, Histogram, register } from 'prom-client';
+
+// Request counter
+const httpRequestTotal = new Counter({
+  name: 'http_requests_total',
+  help: 'Total HTTP requests',
+  labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status'],
+});
+
+// Response time histogram
+const httpRequestDuration = new Histogram({
+  name: 'http_request_duration_seconds',
+  help: 'HTTP request duration',
+  labelNames: ['method', 'route'],
+  buckets: [0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5],
+});
+
+// Middleware to track metrics
+app.use((req, res, next) => {
+  const start = Date.now();
+
+  res.on('finish', () => {
+    const duration = (Date.now() - start) / 1000;
+    httpRequestTotal.inc({ method: req.method, route: req.route?.path, status: res.statusCode });
+    httpRequestDuration.observe({ method: req.method, route: req.route?.path }, duration);
+  });
+
+  next();
+});
+
+// Metrics endpoint
+app.get('/metrics', async (req, res) => {
+  res.set('Content-Type', register.contentType);
+  res.end(await register.metrics());
+});
+```
+
+**2. Logs (ELK Stack - Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)**
+
+```typescript
+import winston from 'winston';
+import { ElasticsearchTransport } from 'winston-elasticsearch';
+
+const logger = winston.createLogger({
+  level: 'info',
+  format: winston.format.json(),
+  transports: [
+    new winston.transports.Console(),
+    new ElasticsearchTransport({
+      level: 'info',
+      clientOpts: { node: 'http://localhost:9200' },
+      index: 'logs',
+    }),
+  ],
+});
+
+// Structured logging
+logger.info('User created', {
+  userId: user.id,
+  email: user.email,
+  ipAddress: req.ip,
+  userAgent: req.headers['user-agent'],
+});
+```
+
+**3. Traces (Jaeger/OpenTelemetry)**
+
+```typescript
+import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node';
+import { JaegerExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-jaeger';
+
+const sdk = new NodeSDK({
+  traceExporter: new JaegerExporter({
+    endpoint: 'http://localhost:14268/api/traces',
+  }),
+  serviceName: 'api-service',
+});
+
+sdk.start();
+
+// Traces automatically captured for HTTP requests, database queries, etc.
+```
+
+### Health Checks
+
+```typescript
+// Liveness probe - Is the app running?
+app.get('/health/liveness', (req, res) => {
+  res.status(200).json({ status: 'ok', timestamp: Date.now() });
+});
+
+// Readiness probe - Is the app ready to serve traffic?
+app.get('/health/readiness', async (req, res) => {
+  const checks = {
+    database: await checkDatabase(),
+    redis: await checkRedis(),
+    externalAPI: await checkExternalAPI(),
+  };
+
+  const isReady = Object.values(checks).every(Boolean);
+  res.status(isReady ? 200 : 503).json({
+    status: isReady ? 'ready' : 'not ready',
+    checks,
+  });
+});
+
+async function checkDatabase() {
+  try {
+    await db.query('SELECT 1');
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Secrets Management
+
+### HashiCorp Vault
+
+```bash
+# Store secret
+vault kv put secret/myapp/db password=super-secret
+
+# Retrieve secret
+vault kv get -field=password secret/myapp/db
+```
+
+### Kubernetes Secrets
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Secret
+metadata:
+  name: db-secret
+type: Opaque
+stringData:
+  url: postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/db
+---
+# Reference in deployment
+env:
+- name: DATABASE_URL
+  valueFrom:
+    secretKeyRef:
+      name: db-secret
+      key: url
+```
+
+## Infrastructure as Code (Terraform)
+
+```hcl
+# main.tf
+resource "aws_db_instance" "main" {
+  identifier        = "myapp-db"
+  engine            = "postgres"
+  engine_version    = "15.3"
+  instance_class    = "db.t3.micro"
+  allocated_storage = 20
+  username          = "admin"
+  password          = var.db_password
+
+  backup_retention_period = 7
+  skip_final_snapshot     = false
+}
+
+resource "aws_elasticache_cluster" "redis" {
+  cluster_id           = "myapp-redis"
+  engine               = "redis"
+  node_type            = "cache.t3.micro"
+  num_cache_nodes      = 1
+  parameter_group_name = "default.redis7"
+}
+```
+
+## DevOps Checklist
+
+- [ ] CI/CD pipeline configured (GitHub Actions/GitLab CI/Jenkins)
+- [ ] Docker multi-stage builds implemented
+- [ ] Kubernetes deployment manifests created
+- [ ] Blue-green or canary deployment strategy
+- [ ] Feature flags configured (LaunchDarkly/Unleash)
+- [ ] Health checks (liveness + readiness probes)
+- [ ] Monitoring: Prometheus + Grafana
+- [ ] Logging: ELK Stack or similar
+- [ ] Distributed tracing: Jaeger/OpenTelemetry
+- [ ] Secrets management (Vault/AWS Secrets Manager)
+- [ ] Infrastructure as Code (Terraform/CloudFormation)
+- [ ] Autoscaling configured
+- [ ] Backup and disaster recovery plan
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Kubernetes:** https://kubernetes.io/docs/
+- **Docker:** https://docs.docker.com/
+- **Prometheus:** https://prometheus.io/docs/
+- **OpenTelemetry:** https://opentelemetry.io/docs/
+- **Terraform:** https://www.terraform.io/docs/