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+# External Libraries (CDN)
+
+Optional CDN libraries for cases where pure CSS/HTML isn't enough. Only include what the diagram actually needs — most diagrams need zero external JS.
+
+## Mermaid.js — Diagramming Engine
+
+Use for flowcharts, sequence diagrams, ER diagrams, state machines, mind maps, class diagrams, and any diagram where automatic node positioning and edge routing saves effort. Mermaid handles layout — you handle theming.
+
+Do NOT use for dashboards — CSS Grid card layouts with Chart.js look better for those. Data tables use `<table>` elements.
+
+**CDN:**
+```html
+<script type="module">
+  import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@11/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
+
+  mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: true, /* ... */ });
+</script>
+```
+
+**With ELK layout** (required for `layout: 'elk'` — it's a separate package, not bundled in core):
+```html
+<script type="module">
+  import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@11/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
+  import elkLayouts from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@mermaid-js/layout-elk/dist/mermaid-layout-elk.esm.min.mjs';
+
+  mermaid.registerLayoutLoaders(elkLayouts);
+  mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: true, layout: 'elk', /* ... */ });
+</script>
+```
+
+Without the ELK import and registration, `layout: 'elk'` silently falls back to dagre. Only import ELK when you actually need it — it adds significant bundle weight. Most simple diagrams render fine with dagre.
+
+### Deep Theming
+
+Always use `theme: 'base'` — it's the only theme where all `themeVariables` are fully customizable. The built-in themes (`default`, `dark`, `forest`, `neutral`) ignore most variable overrides.
+
+```html
+<script type="module">
+  import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@11/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
+
+  const isDark = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;
+  mermaid.initialize({
+    startOnLoad: true,
+    theme: 'base',
+    look: 'classic',
+    themeVariables: {
+      // Background and surfaces — teal/slate palette (not violet/indigo!)
+      primaryColor: isDark ? '#134e4a' : '#ccfbf1',
+      primaryBorderColor: isDark ? '#14b8a6' : '#0d9488',
+      primaryTextColor: isDark ? '#f0fdfa' : '#134e4a',
+      secondaryColor: isDark ? '#1e293b' : '#f0fdf4',
+      secondaryBorderColor: isDark ? '#059669' : '#16a34a',
+      secondaryTextColor: isDark ? '#f1f5f9' : '#1e293b',
+      tertiaryColor: isDark ? '#27201a' : '#fef3c7',
+      tertiaryBorderColor: isDark ? '#d97706' : '#f59e0b',
+      tertiaryTextColor: isDark ? '#fef3c7' : '#27201a',
+      // Lines and edges
+      lineColor: isDark ? '#64748b' : '#94a3b8',
+      // Text
+      fontSize: '16px',
+      fontFamily: 'var(--font-body)',
+      // Notes and labels
+      noteBkgColor: isDark ? '#1e293b' : '#fefce8',
+      noteTextColor: isDark ? '#f1f5f9' : '#1e293b',
+      noteBorderColor: isDark ? '#fbbf24' : '#d97706',
+    }
+  });
+</script>
+```
+
+**FORBIDDEN in Mermaid themeVariables:** `#8b5cf6`, `#7c3aed`, `#a78bfa` (indigo/violet), `#d946ef` (fuchsia). Use teal, slate, amber, emerald, or colors from your page's palette.
+
+### CSS Overrides on Mermaid SVG
+
+Mermaid renders SVG. Override its classes for pixel-perfect control that `themeVariables` can't reach:
+
+```css
+/* Container — see html-css-patterns.md "Mermaid Zoom Controls" for the full zoom pattern */
+.mermaid-wrap {
+  position: relative;
+  background: var(--surface);
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  padding: 24px;
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/* CRITICAL: Force node/edge text to follow the page's color scheme.
+   Without this, themeVariables.primaryTextColor works for DEFAULT nodes,
+   but any classDef that sets color: will hardcode a single value that
+   breaks in the opposite color scheme. Fix: never set color: in classDef,
+   and always include these CSS overrides. */
+.mermaid .nodeLabel { color: var(--text) !important; }
+.mermaid .edgeLabel { color: var(--text-dim) !important; background-color: var(--bg) !important; }
+.mermaid .edgeLabel rect { fill: var(--bg) !important; }
+
+/* Node shapes */
+.mermaid .node rect,
+.mermaid .node circle,
+.mermaid .node polygon {
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+
+/* Edge paths */
+.mermaid .edge-pattern-solid {
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+
+/* Edge labels — smaller than node labels for visual hierarchy */
+.mermaid .edgeLabel {
+  font-family: var(--font-mono) !important;
+  font-size: 13px !important;
+}
+
+/* Node labels — 16px default; drop to 14px for complex diagrams (20+ nodes) */
+.mermaid .nodeLabel {
+  font-family: var(--font-body) !important;
+  font-size: 16px !important;
+}
+
+/* Sequence diagram actors */
+.mermaid .actor {
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+
+/* Sequence diagram messages */
+.mermaid .messageText {
+  font-family: var(--font-mono) !important;
+  font-size: 12px !important;
+}
+
+/* ER diagram entities */
+.mermaid .er.entityBox {
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+
+/* Mind map nodes */
+.mermaid .mindmap-node rect {
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+```
+
+### classDef and style Gotchas
+
+`classDef` values and per-node `style` directives are static text inside `<pre>` — they can't use CSS variables or JS ternaries. Two rules:
+
+1. **Never set `color:` in classDef or per-node `style` directives.** It hardcodes a text color that breaks in the opposite color scheme. Let the CSS overrides above handle text color via `var(--text)`.
+
+2. **Use semi-transparent fills (8-digit hex) for node backgrounds.** They layer over whatever Mermaid's base theme background is, producing a tint that works in both light and dark modes. Use `20`–`44` alpha for subtle, `55`–`77` for prominent:
+
+```
+classDef highlight fill:#b5761433,stroke:#b57614,stroke-width:2px
+classDef muted fill:#7c6f6411,stroke:#7c6f6444,stroke-width:1px
+```
+
+### Node Label Special Characters
+
+Mermaid uses certain characters for shape syntax. Node labels containing these characters cause syntax errors unless quoted.
+
+**Shape characters to watch:**
+- `[/text/]` — parallelogram
+- `[(text)]` — cylindrical
+- `[[text]]` — subroutine
+- `((text))` — circle
+- `{{text}}` — hexagon
+
+**If your node label starts with `/`, `\`, `(`, or `{`, wrap it in quotes:**
+
+```
+%% WRONG — syntax error (/ starts parallelogram shape)
+CMD[/gallery command] --> SRV[server]
+
+%% RIGHT — quotes escape the special character
+CMD["/gallery command"] --> SRV[server]
+```
+
+**Edge labels with special characters also need quotes:**
+
+```
+%% WRONG
+UI -->|"Use as Reference"| RET
+
+%% RIGHT — use single quotes or no quotes for simple text
+UI -->|Use as Reference| RET
+```
+
+Avoid opaque light fills like `fill:#fefce8` — they render as bright boxes in dark mode.
+
+### stateDiagram-v2 Label Limitations
+
+State diagram transition labels have a strict parser. Avoid:
+- `<br/>` — only works in flowcharts; causes a parse error in state diagrams
+- Parentheses in labels — `cancel()` can confuse the parser
+- Multiple colons — the first `:` is the label delimiter; extra colons may break parsing
+
+If you need multi-line labels or special characters, use a `flowchart` instead of `stateDiagram-v2`. Flowcharts support quoted labels (`|"label with: special chars"|`) and `<br/>` for line breaks.
+
+### Writing Valid Mermaid
+
+Most Mermaid failures come from a few recurring issues.
+
+**For multi-line flowchart node labels, use `<br/>` (not `\n`):**
+
+```
+%% WRONG — renders literal "\n" in node text
+A["Copilot Backend\n/api + /api/voicebot"] --> B["Redis"]
+
+%% RIGHT — renders on two lines
+A["Copilot Backend<br/>/api + /api/voicebot"] --> B["Redis"]
+```
+
+**Quote labels with special characters.** Parentheses, colons, commas, brackets, and ampersands break the parser when unquoted:
+
+```
+A["handleRequest(ctx)"] --> B["DB: query users"]
+A[handleRequest] --> B[query users]
+```
+
+**Keep IDs simple.** Node IDs should be alphanumeric with no spaces or punctuation:
+
+```
+userSvc["User Service"] --> authSvc["Auth Service"]
+```
+
+**Max 10-12 nodes per Mermaid diagram.** Beyond that, readability collapses even with zoom controls. For complex architectures (15+ elements), use the **hybrid pattern**: a simple 5-8 node Mermaid overview showing module relationships, followed by CSS Grid cards with detailed function lists.
+
+```
+subgraph Auth
+  login --> validate --> token
+end
+subgraph API
+  gateway --> router --> handler
+end
+Auth --> API
+```
+
+**Arrow styles for semantic meaning:**
+
+| Arrow | Meaning | Use for |
+|-------|---------|---------|
+| `-->` | Solid | Primary flow |
+| `-.->` | Dotted | Optional, async, or fallback paths |
+| `==>` | Thick | Critical or highlighted path |
+| `--x` | Cross | Rejected or blocked |
+| `-->\|label\|` | Labeled | Decision branches, data descriptions |
+
+**Sequence diagram messages must be plain text.** Unlike flowchart labels, sequence diagram messages cannot be quoted or escaped. Curly braces `{}`, square brackets `[]`, angle brackets `<>`, and `&` will silently break the parser:
+
+```
+%% WRONG — parser chokes on braces, brackets, ampersand
+A->>B: web_search({ queries: [...] })
+B->>B: User removes query 2, keeps 1 & 3
+
+%% RIGHT — plain English, no special characters
+A->>B: Call web_search with queries
+B->>B: User removes query 2, keeps 1 and 3
+```
+
+### Layout Direction: TD vs LR
+
+`flowchart LR` (left-to-right) spreads horizontally. With many nodes, Mermaid scales everything down to fit the width, making text unreadable. `flowchart TD` (top-down) is almost always better.
+
+| Direction | Use when | Avoid when |
+|-----------|----------|------------|
+| `TD` (top-down) | Complex diagrams, 5+ nodes, hierarchies | Simple A→B→C linear flows |
+| `LR` (left-to-right) | Simple linear flows, 3-4 nodes | Complex graphs, many branches |
+
+**Rule of thumb:** If the diagram has more than one row of nodes or any branching, use `TD`.
+
+### Diagram Type Examples
+
+**Flowchart with decisions:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+graph TD
+  A[Request] --> B{Authenticated?}
+  B -->|Yes| C[Load Dashboard]
+  B -->|No| D[Login Page]
+  D --> E[Submit Credentials]
+  E --> B
+  C --> F{Role?}
+  F -->|Admin| G[Admin Panel]
+  F -->|User| H[User Dashboard]
+</pre>
+```
+
+**Sequence diagram:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+sequenceDiagram
+  participant C as Client
+  participant G as Gateway
+  participant S as Service
+  participant D as Database
+  C->>G: POST /api/data
+  G->>G: Validate JWT
+  G->>S: Forward request
+  S->>D: Query
+  D-->>S: Results
+  S-->>G: Response
+  G-->>C: 200 OK
+</pre>
+```
+
+**ER diagram:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+erDiagram
+  USERS ||--o{ ORDERS : places
+  ORDERS ||--|{ LINE_ITEMS : contains
+  LINE_ITEMS }o--|| PRODUCTS : references
+  USERS { string email PK }
+  ORDERS { int id PK }
+  LINE_ITEMS { int quantity }
+  PRODUCTS { string name }
+</pre>
+```
+
+**State diagram:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+stateDiagram-v2
+  [*] --> Draft
+  Draft --> Review : submit
+  Review --> Approved : approve
+  Review --> Draft : request_changes
+  Approved --> Published : publish
+  Published --> Archived : archive
+  Archived --> [*]
+</pre>
+```
+
+**Mind map:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+mindmap
+  root((Project))
+    Frontend
+      React
+      Next.js
+      Tailwind
+    Backend
+      Node.js
+      PostgreSQL
+      Redis
+    Infrastructure
+      AWS
+      Docker
+      Terraform
+</pre>
+```
+
+**Class diagram:**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+classDiagram
+  class User {
+    +string email
+    +string name
+    +login()
+    +logout()
+  }
+  class Order {
+    +int id
+    +decimal total
+    +submit()
+  }
+  class Product {
+    +string name
+    +decimal price
+  }
+  User "1" --> "*" Order : places
+  Order "*" --> "*" Product : contains
+</pre>
+```
+
+**C4 architecture (flowchart-as-C4):**
+```html
+<pre class="mermaid">
+graph TD
+  user("User<br/><small>Browser client</small>")
+  subgraph boundary["Web Platform"]
+    app["Web App<br/><small>Node.js</small>"]
+    db[("Database<br/><small>PostgreSQL</small>")]
+  end
+  email["Email Service"]:::ext
+  payment["Payment Gateway"]:::ext
+  user -->|"HTTPS"| app
+  app -->|"SQL"| db
+  app -->|"SMTP"| email
+  app -->|"API"| payment
+  classDef ext fill:none,stroke-dasharray:5 5
+</pre>
+```
+
+Do NOT use native `C4Context` / `C4Container` syntax — it hardcodes sharp corners, its own font, and inline colors that ignore `themeVariables`. Use `graph TD` + `subgraph` for C4 boundaries instead.
+
+### Which Mermaid Diagram Type?
+
+| You want to show... | Use | Syntax keyword |
+|---|---|---|
+| Process flow, decisions, pipelines | Flowchart | `graph TD` / `graph LR` |
+| Request/response, API calls, temporal interactions | Sequence diagram | `sequenceDiagram` |
+| Database tables and relationships | ER diagram | `erDiagram` |
+| OOP classes, domain models with methods | Class diagram | `classDiagram` |
+| System architecture at multiple zoom levels | C4 diagram | `graph TD` + `subgraph` |
+| State transitions, lifecycles | State diagram | `stateDiagram-v2` |
+| Hierarchical breakdowns, brainstorms | Mind map | `mindmap` |
+
+### Dark Mode Handling
+
+Mermaid initializes once — it can't reactively switch themes. Read the preference at load time inside your `<script type="module">`:
+
+```javascript
+const isDark = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;
+// Use isDark to pick light or dark values in themeVariables
+```
+
+The CSS overrides on the container (`.mermaid-wrap`) and page will still respond to `prefers-color-scheme` normally — only the Mermaid SVG internals are static.
+
+---
+
+## Chart.js — Data Visualizations
+
+Use for bar charts, line charts, pie/doughnut charts, radar charts, and other data-driven visualizations in dashboard-type diagrams. Overkill for static numbers — use pure SVG/CSS for simple progress bars and sparklines.
+
+```html
+<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js@4/dist/chart.umd.min.js"></script>
+
+<canvas id="myChart" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
+
+<script>
+  const isDark = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;
+  const textColor = isDark ? '#8b949e' : '#6b7280';
+  const gridColor = isDark ? 'rgba(255,255,255,0.06)' : 'rgba(0,0,0,0.06)';
+  const fontFamily = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement)
+    .getPropertyValue('--font-body').trim() || 'system-ui, sans-serif';
+
+  new Chart(document.getElementById('myChart'), {
+    type: 'bar',
+    data: {
+      labels: ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May'],
+      datasets: [{
+        label: 'Feedback Items',
+        data: [45, 62, 78, 91, 120],
+        backgroundColor: isDark ? 'rgba(129, 140, 248, 0.6)' : 'rgba(79, 70, 229, 0.6)',
+        borderColor: isDark ? '#818cf8' : '#4f46e5',
+        borderWidth: 1,
+        borderRadius: 4,
+      }]
+    },
+    options: {
+      responsive: true,
+      plugins: {
+        legend: { labels: { color: textColor, font: { family: fontFamily } } },
+      },
+      scales: {
+        x: { ticks: { color: textColor, font: { family: fontFamily } }, grid: { color: gridColor } },
+        y: { ticks: { color: textColor, font: { family: fontFamily } }, grid: { color: gridColor } },
+      }
+    }
+  });
+</script>
+```
+
+Wrap the canvas in a styled container:
+```css
+.chart-container {
+  background: var(--surface);
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  border-radius: 10px;
+  padding: 20px;
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+.chart-container canvas {
+  max-height: 300px;
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## anime.js — Orchestrated Animations
+
+Use when a diagram has 10+ elements and you want a choreographed entrance sequence (staggered reveals, path drawing, count-up numbers). For simpler diagrams, CSS `animation-delay` staggering is sufficient.
+
+```html
+<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/animejs@3.2.2/lib/anime.min.js"></script>
+
+<script>
+  const prefersReduced = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
+
+  if (!prefersReduced) {
+    anime({
+      targets: '.ve-card',
+      opacity: [0, 1],
+      translateY: [20, 0],
+      delay: anime.stagger(80, { start: 200 }),
+      easing: 'easeOutCubic',
+      duration: 500,
+    });
+
+    anime({
+      targets: '.connector path',
+      strokeDashoffset: [anime.setDashoffset, 0],
+      easing: 'easeInOutCubic',
+      duration: 800,
+      delay: anime.stagger(150, { start: 600 }),
+    });
+
+    document.querySelectorAll('[data-count]').forEach(el => {
+      anime({
+        targets: { val: 0 },
+        val: parseInt(el.dataset.count),
+        round: 1,
+        duration: 1200,
+        delay: 400,
+        easing: 'easeOutExpo',
+        update: (anim) => { el.textContent = anim.animations[0].currentValue; }
+      });
+    });
+  }
+</script>
+```
+
+When using anime.js, set initial opacity to 0 in CSS so elements don't flash before the animation:
+```css
+.ve-card { opacity: 0; }
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .ve-card { opacity: 1 !important; }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Google Fonts — Typography
+
+Always load with `display=swap` for fast rendering. Pick a distinctive pairing — body + mono at minimum, optionally a display font for the title.
+
+**FORBIDDEN as `--font-body` (AI slop signals):**
+- Inter — the single most overused AI default font
+- Roboto — generic Android/Google default
+- Arial, Helvetica — system defaults with no character
+- system-ui alone without a named font — signals zero design intent
+
+```html
+<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
+<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Space+Mono:wght@400;700&family=Outfit:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
+```
+
+Define as CSS variables for easy reference:
+```css
+:root {
+  --font-body: 'Outfit', system-ui, sans-serif;
+  --font-mono: 'Space Mono', 'SF Mono', Consolas, monospace;
+}
+```
+
+**Font pairings** (rotate — never use the same pairing twice in a row):
+
+| Body / Headings | Mono / Labels | Feel | Use for |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| DM Sans | Fira Code | Friendly, developer | Blueprint, technical docs |
+| Instrument Serif | JetBrains Mono | Editorial, refined | Plan reviews, decision logs |
+| IBM Plex Sans | IBM Plex Mono | Reliable, readable | Architecture diagrams |
+| Bricolage Grotesque | Fragment Mono | Bold, characterful | Data tables, dashboards |
+| Plus Jakarta Sans | Azeret Mono | Rounded, approachable | Status reports, audits |
+| Outfit | Space Mono | Clean geometric, modern | Flowcharts, pipelines |
+| Sora | IBM Plex Mono | Technical, precise | ER diagrams, schemas |
+| Crimson Pro | Noto Sans Mono | Scholarly, serious | RFC reviews, specs |
+| Fraunces | Source Code Pro | Warm, distinctive | Project recaps |
+| Geist | Geist Mono | Vercel-inspired, sharp | Modern API docs |
+| Red Hat Display | Red Hat Mono | Cohesive family | System overviews |
+| Libre Franklin | Inconsolata | Classic, reliable | Data-dense tables |
+| Playfair Display | Roboto Mono | Elegant contrast | Executive summaries |
+
+The first 5 pairings are recommended for most use cases. Vary across consecutive diagrams.
+
+### Typography by Content Voice
+
+For prose-heavy pages (documentation, articles, essays), match typography to the content's voice:
+
+| Voice | Fonts | Best For |
+|-------|-------|----------|
+| **Literary / Thoughtful** | Literata, Lora, Newsreader, Merriweather | Essays, personal posts, long-form articles |
+| **Technical / Precise** | IBM Plex Sans + Mono, Geist + Geist Mono, Source family | Documentation, READMEs, API references |
+| **Bold / Contemporary** | Bricolage Grotesque, Space Grotesk, DM Sans | Product pages, feature announcements |
+| **Minimal / Focused** | Source Serif 4 + Source Sans 3, Karla + Inconsolata | Tutorials, how-tos, focused reading |
+
+**Literata** deserves special mention — it has optical sizing designed specifically for screen reading. Google's answer to Georgia, but modernized.